Spectacular Cog Railways

Cog Trains & Incline Systems: Clockwork Precision & Marvelous Engineering

Cog railways, which are also known as rack railways or rack and pinion railways, have a rack rail with teeth, usually located in between the track’s running rails. Trains operating on cog railways have their own cogwheels that fit the rack rail, allowing them to travel up and down steep gradients. Consequently, most of the world’s rack railways are located in mountainous regions, but there are some which are used for trams and transit systems in urban areas where there are steep hills to deal with:

(top image: Mount Washington Cog Railway via; bottom: Pikes Peak Cog Railway via)

The very first cog railway was the Middleton Railway in West Yorkshire in the UK. In 1812, Salamanca, the first commercial steam locomotive, ran along the tracks there, hauling coal wagons.

(image via)

Here is an interesting sketch of the vintage incline system:

(image via)

The earliest mountain cog railway, using a system developed by Sylvester Marsh, was built in New Hampshire in the late 1860’s. On July 3, 1869, a steam-powered train completed the first trip to the 6,288 feet summit of Mount Washington and was considered one of the wonders of the age. The Mount Washington Railway is the second steepest rack railway in the world and is still running today, with seven steam locomotives and one using diesel:

 Also in the USA, another cog railway, known as the Manitou and Pike’s Peak Railway, is located in Manitou Springs, Colorado. This one, dating back to the early 1890’s, runs to the top of Pikes Peak. The railway now uses diesel engines, but some of the earlier steam locomotives are still on display there:

In part inspired by the Mount Washington railway, the first mountain rack railway in mainland Europe opened in 1871 onMount Rigi in Switzerland. The Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn railway is still in operation today and uses the Riggenbach system, which is similar to the one developed by Marsh in the United States:

 The number seven locomotive first entered service on the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn railway way back in 1871 and in 2011 still runs on occasion, for special events and for tourists:

In Konigswinter in the German Rhineland near Bonn, this museum exhibit shows the mechanism of Riggenbach system (left). Another system, invented by Emil Strub in 1896, is apparently very easy to maintain and is now used in many of the world’s cog rail systems (right):

The steepest cog railway in the world is also located in Switzerland. The Pilatus Railway or Pilatusbahn line runs to near the top of Mount Pilatus, with an altitude of almost 7000 feet, from Alpnachstad on Lake Lucerne, and has a maximum gradient of 48%.

The line was opened in 1889, but was so steep that the main engineer, Eduard Locher, had to design a whole new rack rail system, which you can see here (below left):

In the Locher system, there are none of the usual switches or points on the line, but rotary switches instead. Here’s a rotary switch at the station near the top of the mountain (shown above right).

 Here we see the train close to the summit of Mount Pilatus:

 The Schynige Platte Railway or Schynige Platte Bahn is another cog railway in Switzerland near Interlaken, which passes through some absolutely spectacular alpine scenery:

Still in the Alps, here we see the locomotive from the cog railway in Puchberg/Schneeberg in Austria:

Also in Austria, the Achenseebahn railway is located in Tyrol and some parts of the line are so steep that the Riggenbach rack system had to be used. The Achenseebahn thus qualifies as the oldest steam powered cog railway in Europe:

The Schafbergbahn cog railway in Upper Austria:

Roman Abt, who worked as an engineer for Riggenbach and devised a rack system that improved on Riggenbach’s design - the Abt system, used by the Manitou and Pike’s Peak Railway mentioned earlier. The Abt system was first employed in Germany in 1885 and is still used today on the Snowdon Mountain Railway in North Wales in the UK. Here we see the wheels, axle and rack wheel:

Here’s the Snowdon locomotive making its way up the mountain:

So for now, this is a brief overview of the world’s cog, rack railways and rack and pinion railways. In the next part we will highlight more of beautiful European cog railways, and speak about vintage incline systems - often a long-gone feature of many historic urban landscapes. 

The World’s Most Unusual Theme Parks

World’s Most Unusual Theme Parks

When you think theme park, you think roller coasters and family fun -- gas masks or watching a reenactment of the crucifixion? Not so much. But then you haven't checked out some of most unusual theme parks in the world yet.

Stalin’s World
One of the most popular tourist spots in Lithuania, (where is it?) the official name is Grutas Park, and it’s divided into two zones: totalitarian and the zone of terror. Intended to be educational for the whole family (it does include a zoo and kid’s park), the fact that it’s surrounded by barbed wire might add a bit of a chill. Stalin's World is one of the most popular tourist spots in Lithuania.

Shijingshan Amusement Park
When your tagline is as blatant as this, it’s no wonder Shijingshan Amusement Park has been called a copycat of Disneyland. Though there was talk of copyright infringement, a similar park will open in Shanghai. Look at the photos and judge for yourself. Maybe it’s the second happiest place on Earth?

BonBon-Land
Opened in 1992 near this city in Denmark, BonBon-Land was named for a candy factory. That doesn’t immediately explain why most of the rides are rather scatologicaly themed (like its roller coaster), and include unconventional characters like a vomiting rat. Yuck!

Gatorland
Opened in 1949, this family owned Florida institution is all about alligators. Known for its gator wrestling, a selection albino alligators, and the title of "Alligator Capital of the World," Gatorland bills itself as a place for the whole family to experience these giant reptiles.

Diggerland
What most see as construction equipment, folks in the UK see as amusement park material. With four locations, Diggerland is popular and all the rides are made out of real construction machines. You will get dirty!

The Holy Land Experience
The Holy Land Experience in Orlando has attractions that suit its name. You can dine with Jesus and his disciples at a portrayal of The Last Supper, watch a reenactment of the crucifixion and take a ride on the Jesus Boat.

Suoi Tien Park
A Buddhist theme park? Why not? Located in this city, Suoi Tien Park is an interesting mix of water rides, Buddhist iconography and attractions devoted to escaping the torments of hell to reach eternal life.

Beijing World Park
Forget Epcot – see the world at Beijing World Park. With more than 100 models of historic world monuments all in miniature, you won’t need to go anywhere else.

Pedroland
Pedroland is a strangely tacky roadside theme park dedicated to stereotypical Mexican culture. And it’s not anywhere near Mexico (where is it?). Whether you take a ride in the Sombrero Tower or play a round at the Golf of Mexico (really), you’ll feel very far north of the border.

Dickens World
Not be confused with a more highbrow museum in London, this theme park attempts to make 19th century London fun for everyone. Meet Oliver Twist, take the Great Expectations Boat Ride – Victorian charm without the squalor, disease, and rats!

Tierra Santa
In Argentina’s version of the Holy Land Experience, you can watch an animatronic Jesus rise from the dead every 30 minutes – and He's 40-feet tall. Located in this city, Tierra Santa makes for quite a pilgrimage.

Crocosaurus Cove
Located near this famous attraction, Crocosaurus Cove is known for the Cage of Death, where visitors come face to face with giant saltwater crocodiles. Good for years of nightmares for the kids.

Dwarf Empire
This is not your grandparents' Munchkin Land. Located in this city, this extremely popular attraction provides a good salary and free room and board to its resident performers.

Iceland and Norway

 Iceland and Norway through the eyes of Martin Istensa